Of Forests and Restoration is an in depth review of forests, what problems they face, why we depend on them, and how to restore forest ecosystems. This initial research led to the development of a mushroom-based nursing container. It takes advantage of the symbiosis between trees and fungi and is made for community led restoration projects.
Bachelorthesis (2021) by Max O'Dell

Map of the global tree density and intact forests

»Forests are increasingly recognized for their role as a nature-based solution to many sustainable development challenges. [...] We must build on this momentum to catalyse bold actions to prevent, halt and reverse the loss of forests and their biodiversity, for the benefit of current and future generations.«
—FAO and UNEP in The state of the Worlds Forests (2020)


Local communities have proven to be the best guardians of forests as their traditions and livelihoods depend on them. But it is also these communities that often lack the resources to restore surrounding ecosystems.
Mushroom growing requires very little infrastructure. Furthermore, the symbiotic relationship between tree and fungus reduces the need for fertilisers and increases the survival rate of young saplings. As a way to further democratise the process, a manual explains how to create mushroom-based nursing containers with little resources.


Additional Images

Grain spawn being inoculated with a mushroom

Substrate ingredients

Substrate block and grain spawn

Substrate and grain spawn being mixed


Founders of Otto pflanzt! e.V. , a local restoration project

Me cutting tall grasses as part of a restoration project

Bundles of sapplings

Volunteers at a restoration project

Saplings being prepared for planting

Exiting my improvised mushroom lab

Mushroom-composite samples


During my thesis presentation


Prototypes for a mould

Nursing container prototypes
